Why Do Women Live Longer Than Men? (Biological and Social Causes) This is a global trend, and it has several key explanations: Genetic and hormonal factors. Estradiol vs. Testosterone: The female hormone estradiol has cardioprotective effects, helping to maintain vascular elasticity and reduce the risk of atherosclerosis. The male hormone testosterone, on the other hand, correlates with riskier behavior and higher cholesterol levels. Two X chromosomes: Women have two X chromosomes. If one of them has a defective gene, it can be "masked" by a healthy copy in the other. Men have one X and one Y chromosome, making them more vulnerable to certain genetic diseases (such as hemophilia). Behavioral factors and lifestyle. Health attitude: Women tend to be more attentive to their health. They seek medical attention more often for prevention and at the early stages of illness. Bad habits: Men statistically consume alcohol and tobacco more frequently and in larger quantities, leading to higher mortality from heart disease, liver cirrhosis, and lung cancer. Risky behavior: Men are more likely to die as a result of accidents, traffic accidents, fights, and engage in more dangerous professions. Social roles. Historically, men have been more likely to work in physically demanding and harmful industries, serve in the military, which creates additional burdens and risks to their health and life. Why Do Women Retire Earlier? (Historical and Social Causes) Here we move from biology to sociology and history. This norm was formed in the 20th century and is considered outdated today in many countries. Historical heritage and protection of motherhood.Initially, the earlier retirement age for women was a measure of social protection. It was introduced in the Soviet era to: Take into account the double burden: A woman not only worked in production but also bore almost all the burden of domestic labor and child-rearing. Protect reproductive health: It was beli ... Read more